Volume-5 Issue-7

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Abstract: Geophysical investigation was carried out within the vicinity of some open active waste dumpsites at Igbara-Oke, Southwestern Nigeria along ten traverses with sixty-two (62) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) positions being occupied in the East- West and South- North direction to assess the geology and hydrogeologic condition of the subsurface around the dumpsites. The interpreted geoelectric sections showed subsurface layers as top soil with resistivity range of 5- 448 Ωm and thickness 0.30 -7.7m; weathered layer resistivity value varying from 9-250 Ωm had thickness values between 0.4m –7.1m. Thickness of the fractured/fault layer having resistivity values lesser but not greater than 750 Ωm, ranges from 1.2 m to 11m and depth to bedrock thickness extended beyond 17.9m having resistivity value exceeding 1000Ωm. Underlying possible lithological characteristics was inferred using the information from the geoelectric sections. Aquifer systems of weathered/fractured unconfined aquifer, weathered/fractured confined aquifer, weathered layer aquifer, weathered layer/fractured semi-confined aquifer types were delineated. A fuzzy model implemented asserts the relative hazard rating of the dumpsites as 1.72 and 1.67 on a scale of 10, indicating the dumpsites may not be currently posing a risk based on its sizes, waste content and localization of leachates plume. 

Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrogeologic, Hydrogeological risks, Fuzzy logic, Relative Hazard Rating

References:

1. Awoniyi, O. O., (2013). Application of geophysical investigation to evaluate the impact of a dumpsite on groundwater: Case Study of Awotan-Apete, Ibadan. Un-published M.Tech Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Akure.
2. Bayode, S., Omosuyi, G.O., Mogaji, K.A., and Adebayo, S. T. (2011): Geoelectric Delineation of Structurally-Controlled Leachate Plume around Otutubiosun Dumpsite, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (6): 987-992(ISSN: 2141-7016)
3. Bayowa, O., Olorunfemi, O., Akinluyi, O., and Ademilua, O. (2014):A Further Comprehensive Approach to Assessing The Groundwater Potential Of The Basement Complex Terrain Of Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research volume 3, issue 7. ISSN 2277-8616 35 IJSTR.
4. Brian Oram, P. G. (2016): Water Testing Total Coliform Fecal Bacteria Pathogenic Organisms in Drinking Water. Bacteria, Protozoans, Viruses and Nuisance Bacteria Need for Water Testing. Pennsylvania water.
5. Corwin, B. D. and Esogbue, A. O., 1974. Two Machine flow shop scheduling problems with sequence dependent setup times: a dynamic programming approach, J. Naval Research Logistics. 21, pp. 515-524.
6. Fajana, A. O. (2013): Integrated Geophysical Characterization of Subsurface conditions around Ilesha Dumpsite: Case of Southwestern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Volume 2, No 2 (2013) ISSN 2305-915X. Asian Business Consortium
7. Hsu Chia-Chien., and Sandford B. A. (2007): The Delphi Technique: Making Sense of Consensus. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation. A peer-reviewed electronic journal. Volume 12, Number 10, August 2007 ISSN 1531-7714. P1.
8. Jacques Ganoulis (2009): Risk Analysis of Water Pollution. Second, Revised and Expanded Edition. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,Weinheim. P 1-7
9. Jegede, S.I., Osazuwa, I. B., and Abdullahi, N. K. (2011): Geoenvironmental Study Of Groundwater Contamination In A Dual Aquifer Environment Using Earth Resistivity Imaging. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(2) P.367
10. Jerzy Wtorek, and Anna Bujnowska, (2004): Electromagnetic methods in Geophysics. (EUDEM2 Technology Survey) Version 1.0, 08.10. 2004.
11. Keary Philip, Brooks Micheal, and Hill Ian, (2002): An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration Third Edition. ISBN 0-632-04929-4.
12. [12] Lowrie W. ( 2007). Fundamentals of Geophysics.Second Edition.Cambridge University Press.Microsoft Encarta Dictionary © 2010.
13. Mohammad, N. A (2006): Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability to contamination for Gaza coastal aquifer, Palestine. Journal of environmental management 88(2008_)577 -593.
14. Obaje, N.G. (2009): Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria.  Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 120, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-92685-6 1, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009. pp 13- 18
15. T. A. (2015): Geophysical and Hydrochemical Investigation of a Municipal Dumpsite in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org. ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.5, No.14, 2015.
16. Rahaman, M. A. (1976): Review of the Basement geology of Southwestern Nigeria: InGeology of Nigeria (Kogbe, C.A. Ed). Elizabethan Publ. Co., Nigeria. pp. 41-58.
17. Rahaman, M. A. (1988). Recent advances in the study of Basement Complex of Nigeria, Geological Survey of Nigeria, pp. 11 – 41.
18. Raj Kumar Singh, ManojDatta and Arvid Kumar Nema. (2007): Rating of municipal solid waste dumps and Landfills as Source of Groundwater Contamination. Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management,5 - 7 September 2007, Chennai, India. pp.296-303
19. Reynolds, M. J. (1997): An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics.
20. Sánchez, M.P., Chaminade, C., and Escobar, C.G. (1999) Enbusca de unateoríasobre la medición y gestión de los intangibles en la empresa: Una aproximaciónmetodológica. conomiaz 45. (Looking for a Theory on measurement and management on intangibles: A methodological approach) P 16.
21. Shemang, E M., Molwalefhe, L., Chaoka, T., Mosweu, E., and Nondo, M. (2006): Geophysical Investigation of the Old Gaborone Dumpsite, Botswana. Journal of Applied Science and  Mgt. September, 2006. Vol. 10 (3) 87 – 92.  JASEM ISSN 1119-8362.
22. Susaiappan, S., Somanathan, A., and Duraipandian, J. (2015): A Geophysical Investigation of Resistivity and Groundwater Quality near a Corporate Solid Waste Dump. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 6 (2015), 2761-2766. DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/59239
23. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., and Sheriff, R. E. (1990). Applied Geophysics.Cambridge University Press.
24. Umar, H., Mark, J., and NurAtikah, M. A. (2014): Electrical Resistivity Techniques and chemical Analysis in the Study of Leachate Migration at Sungai Sedu Landfill. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 7: 518-535.
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26. SON (2007): Standard Organization of Nigeria. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. ICS 13.060.20
27. WHO (2010): Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in the Federal Republic of Nigeria Country report of the pilot project implementation in 2004-2005
28. Yang, J., Cheng, Y., Zhao, Z., and Yang, Y. (2008): Environment Geophysics on environmental protection in China. Advances in Natural Science.Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures. Vol 1 No. 1 2008 9-16. ISSN 1715-7862
29. Pedrycz W., Peters F. F. and Ramanna S., (1999). A Fuzzy Set Approach to Cost Estimation of Software Projects.Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Shaw Conference Center, Edmonton Alberta, Canada

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Abstract: The spatial variation of soil properties is beyond the designer’s control. Designer often feel discomfort before reaching at any conclusion and totally rely on the soil testing. This soil investigation takes much longer time and resources of a project. So geotechnical engineers usually attempts to develop empirical equations. But these empirical equations are more specific to the location & type of soil. However the empirical relation is useful for future projects coming in the vicinity. In road construction, civil engineers always encounter difficulties in obtaining representative CBR value for design of pavement. The type of soil is not the only parameter which affects the CBR value, but it also varies with different soil properties possessed by the soil. Laboratory CBR test requires relatively large effort to conduct the test and it is time consuming. Currently, many road construction projects and railway constructions are undergoing in the country. In light of this, the output of the proposed correlation will provide road authorities, railway authorities, consultants and contractors preliminary background information on the value of CBR, for a localized sub-grade material, from soil index properties with a benefit of time saving and without incurring any additional cost for carrying out laboratory CBR test. As a result, our present study aims to find the correlation between CBR values with soil index properties. So to develop correlation, Single line regression (SLR) & Multiple line regression (MLR) is done to correlate CBR value with soil index properties and their precision is examined by Statistical data analysis tool. Accordingly, 100 disturbed samples were collected from different location of Haryana district and required laboratory test have been conducted in order to establish an equation of CBR as a function of grain size parameters, atterberg limit by considering the effect of an individual soil properties and effect of combination of soil properties on the CBR value. The developed correlation lead to a regression value of R2 = 0.729, using SLR, while MLR generated relatively an improved value of R² = 0.650. After validating the established correlation with other empirical equation developed by other researchers, it was observed that correlation of CBR value with soil Indian properties is more applicable for preliminary characterizing the soil strength. 

Keywords: California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Regression, Index Properties

References:

1. American Standard Test Method (1992). Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils.  United States of America, ASTM Designation D1883-92.
2. BS 1377 (1990) Soils for civil engineering purposes; part 4 compaction-related tests. British Standards Institution
3. Black, W.P.M. (1962). A Method of estimating the CBR of cohesive soils from plasticity data, Geotechnique, Vol.12, 271 - 272.
4. Carter, M. And Bentley, S.P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press Ltd., London, 1991.
5. C.  P.  E.  A  Montgomery  and  G.  Vining,  “Introduction  to  Regression  Analysis”,  3 rd  Edition, Hoboken NJ. Wiley, 2001
6. IS: 2720 Part XVI (1980) IS: 9669, Laboratory determination of California bearing ratio (CBR) of soil, BIS, New Delhi.
7. IS 2720 (part 7)-1983 reaffirmed 1995; Indian standard method of test of soil, determination of water content- dry density relationship using heavy compaction, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
8. IRC: 37-2001,Guidelines for Flexible Pavement Design. Indian Road Congress, New Delhi 2001
9. B. Agarwal and K. D. Ghanekar, “Prediction of CBR from plasticity characteristics of soil” Proceeding of 2nd south-east Asian conference on soil engineering, Singapore, pp. 571–6, 1970.
10. Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2001) “Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers”: A guide to regression analysis using MS Excel 2010
11. Patel, R.S. and Desai, M.D., 2010, CBR predicted by index properties  for  alluvial  soils  of  South  Gujarat,  Indian Geotechnical  Conference  –  2010,  GEO  Trend,  December 16–18, IGS Mumbai Chapter & IIT Bombay, pp. 79-82.
12. Ramasubbaroa, G.V., Siva Sankar, G.(2013), Predicting Soaked CBR  Value  Of  Fine  Grained  Soil  Using  Index  and Compaction  Characteristics,  Jordan  Journal  Of  Civil Engineering, Vol 7, No-3
13. Roy, T.K., Chattapadhyay,  C.  and  Roy,  S.K.,  2010, California bearing ratio, evaluation and estimation: A study of comparisons.  Indian  Geotechnical  Conference-2010,  GEO Trend,  December  16-18,  2010,  IGS  Mumbai  Chapter  &  IIT Bombay, pp. 19-22.
14. Talukdar, K.,  2014,  A  Study  of  correlation  between California bearing ratio (CBR) value with other properties of soil., IJETAE, 4 (1), 559-562
15. D.  Hakari,  K.D.Nadagouda,(2013)  Estimation  and evaluation  of  California  bearing  ratio  by  indirect  methods,   Proceedings  of  Indian  Geotechnical  Conference  December 22-24, Roorkee.
16. C, Dinakaran.G  (2011),  ANN model  for  predicting  CBR  from  index  properties  of  soil, International  Journal  of  Civil  and  Structural  Engineering, Vol. 2, No 2, 2011
17. Vinod, P. & Cletus Reena ,(2008), Prediction of CBR value of Lateritic Soils using Liquid Limit and Gradation Characteristics Data, Highway Research Journal, Vol. I, No. 1,89-98
18. Yildirm, B. and Gunaydin, O., 2011, Estimation of California bearing  ratio  by  using  soft computing  systems.,  Expert  Syst Appl., 38, 6381-6391.

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Authors:

Paper Title:

Abstract: A Compact microstrip grid array antenna is designed for 5G applications. A microstrip grid array antenna is designed because it provides more gain than regular microstrip patch antenna. The geometric of the proposed grid array antenna is 26 ×26 〖mm〗^2 in length and width of the antenna. Rogers Duroid 5880 with ε_r=2.2 and loss tangent tan δ =0.0009 is used as substrate and height of the substrate is 0.381mm. The proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient, s11 of -32.0369 dB and Gain of 12.858dBi at 28 GHz. As the proposed antenna has higher gain it can be used for 5G applications.

Keywords: Microstrip Antenna, Microstrip Grid Array Antenna, Milli-Meter Wave Band, 5G.

References:

1. Takashi Dateki, Hiroyuki Seki, and Morihiko Minowa, “From LTE-Advanced to 5G Access System in Progress”, FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J., vol. 52, No.2, pp.97-102.April-2016.
2. Mamta Agiwal, Abhishek Roy, and Navrati Saxena, “Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey”, ieee commuctions surveys & tutorials, vol 18,No. 3. Third quarter 2016.
3. Woon Hau Chin, Zhong Fan, and Russell Haines,“ Emerging Technologies and Research Challenges for 5G Wireless Networks”, Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Bristol, BS1 4ND, United Kingdom.
4. Bing Zhang, and Y. P. Zhang, “Grid Array Antenna”, J. Webster (ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
5. Sun, and Y. P. Zhang, “Grid Antenna Array”.2016.
6. A. W. Muhamad, R. Ngah, M. F. Jamlos, P. J. Soh, and H. Lago, “Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Grid Array Antenna for 5G Applications”, 2016.URSI Asia-pacific Radio Science Conference, August 21-25, 2016/Seoul, Korea.
7. Zhang Lin, Zhang Xiang Wei, and Zhang Yue Ping, “A Microstrip Grid Antenna for 24Ghz Doppler Sensors”, IEEE Conference on Antennas & Propagation, Singapore. August 27-29, 2012.
8. Lin Zhang, Wen Mei Zhang and Y. P. Zhang, “Microstrip Grid and Comb Array Antenna”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, Vol.59, pp.4077-4084.Nov,2011

14-15

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Authors:

Paper Title:

Abstract: Copper is one of the first metals ever extracted and used by humans. As a result, copper was important to early humans and continues to be a material of choice for a variety of domestic, industrial, and high technology applications today. Bronze is one of the alloys of copper. Bronzes are used mainly in highly corrosive environments due to their corrosion resistant behavior. Aluminum bronze is a type of bronze in which Aluminum is the main alloying metal added to copper. A variety of Aluminum bronzes of differing compositions have found industrial use, with most ranging from 5% to 11% Aluminum by weight, the remaining mass being copper; other alloying agents such as iron, nickel, manganese, and silicon are also sometimes added to Aluminum bronzes. Aluminum bronzes give a mix of chemo-mechanical properties superseding many other alloy series. These make them to be most preferred particularly for demanding applications. “Aluminum bronzes are most valued for their high strength and corrosion resistance in a wide range of aggressive media”. In the present investigation the aluminum bronze is furnace heat treated for 5000C, 6000C, 7000C and 8000C for time period for 1hr. Different experiments were conduction and found that Tensile strength for different heat treated Aluminum Bronze metal are 5000C, 6000C, 7000C, and 8000C has high tensile strength when compared to Base metal. The heat treated aluminum bronze of 7000C has more tensile strength compared to all other heat treated and base metal. The compression strength gradually decreases from base metal to the 5000C, 6000C, 7000C, and 8000C with increasing temperature. The Brinell hardness increases for heat treated bronze compared to base metal. Aluminum bronze heat treated for 5000C has more hardness compared to all other conditions. Impact energy for different heat treated Aluminum Bronze are decreases as heat treating temperature increases and increases for still increase in temperature. The heat treated aluminum bronze of 7000C has more impact energy.

Keywords: Aluminum Bronze, Compression Strength, Copper, Hardness, Heat Treatment, Impact Energy, Tensile Strength.

References:

1. G Uyime Donatus, Joseph Ajibade Omotoyinbo, Itopa Monday Momoh, “Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Locally Produced Aluminium-Bronze Alloy”, Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2012, 11, 1020-1026.
2. Datong ZHANG, Ruiping CHEN, Weiwen ZHANG, Zongqiang LUO and Yuanyuan LI, “Effect of microstructure on the mechanical and corrosion behaviors of a hot-extruded nickel aluminum bronze” Acta Metall. Sin.(Engl. Lett.)Vol.23 No.2 pp113-120 April 2010.
3. Praveen Kumar Nigam and Prabhash Jain, “Effect of heat treatment on tensile and compression strength of nickel aluminium bronze (Cu-10%Al-5%Ni-5%Fe)”, Archives of Applied Science Research, 2013, 5 (1):224-230.
4. Prabhash Jain, Praveen Kumar Nigam, “Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Nickel Aluminium Bronze (Cu-10al-5ni-5fe), IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 4, Issue 6 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 16-21.
5. Sakiewicz, R. Nowosielski , R. Babilas , D. Gąsiorek , M. Pawlak, “FEM simulation of Ductility Minimum Temperature (DMT) phenomenon in CuNi25 alloy”, Journal of Achievement in Material and Manufacturing Engineering, VOLUME 61, ISSUE 2, December 2013.
6. Sakiewicz R. Nowosielski, S. Griner, R. Babilas, “Changes of microstructure in CuNi25 alloy deformed at elevated temperature”. Archives of material science and engineering, Volume 50 Issue 2 August 2011Pages 98-109.
7. Bekir Sadik Unlu “Investigation of tribological and mechanical properties of metal bearings” Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 4, August 2009, pp. 451–457
8. Welding of Copper & Copper alloys, International standard book number: 0-87117-505-8, American welding society

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5.

Authors:

Paper Title:

Abstract: In wireless communication system, the signals are arriving to the receiver in terms of general summation for several "multipath components (MPCs)" through "direct line of sight (LOS) and indirect non line of sight (NLOS)". Multipath occurs due to "reflection, diffraction, and scattering" of transmitted signal. “MPCs” are considered one of the main problem in wireless communication system especially in "ultra-wideband (UWB)" system because these “MPCs” have a different amplitudes, phases, and delays with respect to the transmitted signals and cause signal distortions and fading that degrade the quality of the received signal and lead to poor performance in wireless communication systems, However multipath phenomena is used to enhance system performance by using a dedicated wireless receiver such as wireless "rake receiver" to resolve the “MPCs” and reduce "multipath fading" effects to improve system performance. The combiner is a main part of rake receiver that coherently combines “MPCs” using one of the combining schemes to form a complete replica of a transmitted signal to capture most of the energy of the received signal. By this combiner, the system can achieve better performances that lead to maximize the average "signal to noise ratio (SNR)" to recover the transmitted signal with lower "bit error rate (BER)". This technique is suitable for "UWB" wireless devices that are commonly used for high-speed data rate through short-range indoor wireless communication. In this paper new combiner was proposed to enhance the combining performance of "UWB" wireless rake receiver named adaptive partial-hybrid (AP-H) combiner. For comparison, the two conventional combiners: "selective combiner and partial combiner" were designed. The simulation results were obtained by using MATLAB software, these results shown higher system performance when using the proposed AP-H combiner than other conventional combiners. For this work "UWB" signal was used with binary phase shift keying-Time Hopping (BPSK-TH) multiple access modulation scheme.

Keywords: "UWB" Technology, Rake Receiver, MRC Adaptive Partial-Hybrid Combiner, Multipath Components.

References:

1. MuhibUr Rahman, Dong-SikKo and Jung-Dong Park, A Compact Multiple Notched Ultra-Wide Band Antenna with an Analysis of the CSRR-TO-CSRR Coupling for Portable UWB Applications, Sensors,17,2017.
2. SanjaŠain, Modelling and Characterization of Wireless Channels in Harsh Environments, Malardalen University School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2011.
3. Rashid Ali Fayadh, Mohd Fareq Abd Malek , Hilal Adnan Fadhil, and Norshafinash Saudin, Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Indoor Matched Rake Receiver Using Multiple-Combining Techniques, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol 699 (2015) pp 921-930, 2015.
4. Rashid A. Fayadh, F. Malek, Hilal A. Fadhil, Nael A. Al-Shareefi, and Hussein Saad Mohammed, MMSE Equalized Rake-Receiver Using Adaptive Filter with a Family of Partial Update Algorithms in Wireless Communication Systems, International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), vol. 5(6), pp. 5169-5177, 2014.
5. A Dinamani, Swagata Das, Bijendra L, Shruti R, Babina S and Kiran B, Performance of a Hybrid MRC/SC Diversity Receiver over Rayleigh Fading Channel, Circuits, Controls and Communications (CCUBE) IEEE 2013 International Conference , India, 2013.
6. Yawgeng A. Chau, and Yao-Hua Chen, A New Suboptimal Selection Combining with Enhanced Performance for BPSK over Rayleigh Fading Channels, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 62, 2, February 2013.
7. Twinkle Doshi and UpenaDalal, Novel DS-UWB Partial RAKE Receiver over Different UWB Channels, IETE Journal of Research, 2015.
8. Hima Pradeep. And Seema Padmarajan, Performance analysis of Hybrid MRC/EGC Diversity Combining Technique over AWGN Channel, International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management, PP 25-29, 2016.
9. Ghavami, M. Michael, L. B.; and Kohno, R., Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ISBN 0-470-86751-5, 2004.
10. Hajri, M. Issa, D. B.; and Samet, H., Low noise amplifier for MB-OFDM UWB receivers,IEEE, 17th international conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control & computer engineering - STA'2016, Sousse, Tunisia, 19-21, 2016.
11. Crăciun, F. Marghescu, I.; and Fratu, O., RAKE receiver performances for PAM-THUWB systems, IEEE, Serbia, Belgrade, November 22-24, 2011.
12. Patel, K. R.; and Kulkarni, R., Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Wireless System, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Special Issue for International Technological Conference, 2014.
13. Beaulieu, N. C. Shao, H. Niranjayan, Hosseini, S. I. and Young, D., Designing Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Receivers for Multi-User Interference Environments, I core Alberta Informatics Circle Of Research Excellence, Faculty Of Engineering ,University Of Albetra, 2012.
14. Fayadh R. A.; and Malek, F., Enhancement of a Three Combining Techniques Rake Receiver Using Adaptive Filter of M-Max Partial Update RLS Algorithm for DS-UWB Systems, Journal of Communication and networks, Journal of Next Generation Information Technology (JNIT), 5(4), 2014.
15. Fayadh, A.; and  Malek, F., Pulse Sign Separation Technique for the Received Bits in Wireless Ultra-Wideband Combining Approach, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014.
16. Malik, W. Q., Christopher J. Stevens, and David J. Edwards, Multipath Effects in Ultra Wideband Rake Reception, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(2), 2008.
17. Goyal V. and Dhaliwal, B. S., Ultra Wideband PAM Modulation and Reception in UWB Multi Path channel Using Rake Configurations, GESJ: Computer Science and Telecommunications, 1(45), 2015.
18. Agrawal A., and Kshetrimayum, R. S., Transmit Antenna Selection For UWB Communication System Over IEEE 802.15.3a Channel, IEE, CONECCT), 2015.
19. Goyal V., and Dhaliwal, B. S.,Analyzing Pulse Position Modulation Time Hopping UWB in IEEE UWB Channel, GESJ: Computer Science and Telecommunications, 2(46), 2015.
20. Rashid A. Fayadh, F. Malek, Hilal A. Fadhil, Norshafinash Saudin, Improved Rake Receiver Based On the Signal Sign Separation in Maximal Ratio Combining Technique for Ultra-Wideband Wireless communication, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering Vol:7 No:12, 2013.
21. Rashid A. Fayadh, Fareq Malek, Hilal, A. Fadhil, Sameer. A. Dawood, UWB selective rake reciever using multiple comporators, 2^nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED), Malaysia, Perlis, 19-21 August 2014.

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