Toward Stable and Efficient Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Gulab Singh Verma1, Divya Tripathy2, Puspanjali Hota3, Sashikant4, Toleshwar Prasad Rajwade5, Aloke Verma6
1Gulab Singh Verma, Scholar, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
2Divya Tripathy, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
3Puspanjali Hota, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
4Sashikant, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
5Toleshwar Prasad Rajwade, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
6Dr. Aloke Verma, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
Manuscript received on 24 October 2025 | First Revised Manuscript received on 30 October 2025 | Second Revised Manuscript received on 05 November 2025 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 November 2025 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2025 | PP: 18-22 | Volume-13 Issue-12, November 2025 | Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijese.L262513121125 | DOI: 10.35940/ijese.L2625.13121125
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: Mixed-cation, mixed-halide lead halide perovskites have rapidly progressed from laboratory curiosities to contenders for next-generation photovoltaics. By judiciously alloying A-site cations (Cs⁺, FA⁺, MA⁺) and halide anions (I⁻/Br⁻), these materials marry outstanding optoelectronic quality and bandgap tunability, enabling single-junction devices exceeding 26% and hybrid perovskite–silicon tandems to approach ~35% certified efficiency. Despite these gains, light-induced halide segregation, ion migration, interfacial recombination, and environmental/thermal instability remain central challenges for scale-up and lifetime. This review synthesises the historical context and recent progress on triple-cation, mixed-halide absorbers; surveys at least twenty key studies spanning passivation such as FABr treatments, defect/strain management, and tandem integration; and outlines practical, research-grade synthesis/processing steps for Cs–FA– MA Pb (I, Br) ₃. We discuss characterization workflows via XRD, GIWAXS, PL/TPV/TRPL, UPS/Kelvin probe, JV under MPP tracking, EQE-EL reciprocity, and ISOS durability protocols, outline consensus findings, and map future directions, including wide-bandgap perovskites for stable tandems, ion-migrationaware design of devices, and AI-guided compositional/process discovery. Certified record data from NREL anchors the current efficiency landscape.
Keywords: Perovskite Solar Cells; Triple-Cation Cs–FA–MA; Halide Segregation; Perovskite-Silicon Tandem; Passivation; Stability; Efficiency Records.
Scope of the Article: Energy Harvesting